Coenzyme vitamin B12 in the form of adenosylcobalamin, also known as dibencozide. This is the active form of vitamin B12 used by the mitochondria, the energy powerhouse in each cell.* With folic acid.

Coenzyme vitamin B12 in the form of methylcobalamin, with folic acid. Regular B12 (cyanocobalamin) must be converted to an active form, such as methylcobalamin, to be used in the body.

Biotin is an essential coenzyme for a variety of carboxylation reactions, and is involved in the metabolism of fats, sugars and amino acids.* Biotin is crucial for the utilization of glucose for energy, the breakdown and utilization of fatty acids in energy production, and the synthesis of protein from amino acids.* Gluten Free!

High dose biotin. Biotin is an essential coenzyme for a variety of carboxylation reactions, including the activation of acetylCoA carboxylase, a crucial enzyme in the normal, healthy synthesis of myelin.* Gluten Free!

Homocysteine Plus provides primary nutrients to facilitate the breakdown of homocysteine into methionine and other metabolites, including coenzyme forms of vitamins B2, B6, folate, and B12, plus Setria® glutathione, zinc, trimethylglycine, and L-serine.*

Also known as nicotinic acid, niacin is an essential nutrient, positioned at the core of NAD/NADH and NADP/NADPH, which are major redox-active "electron storage" compounds. One or both of these "redox pairs" is involved in every major biochemical pathway.

Provides inositol hexanicotinate, a compound of nicotinic acid (niacin) with inositol. Taken orally, the niacin releases slowly, thereby minimizing the likelihood of "niacin flush". Though chemically linked to inositol, the niacin in this formulation is highly bio-available.*

ATP Cofactors™ is a specially formulated high potency vitamins B-2/B-3 combination, containing 100 mg of Riboflavin and 500 mg of Niacin (as inositol hexanicotinate) per tablet. ATP Cofactors™ is intended to be used as part of a complete nutritional program, emphasizing magnesium instead of calcium.

Background Information
The unit of energy available from food is called calories. The metabolism of the macronutrients carbohydrates, fats, and proteins supply these calories. However, the body can not use these calories as a source of energy to perform life sustaining functions unless these calories are converted to a substance called ATP, which is the energy currency used by the body. About one-half of the calories obtained from food are used to maintain body temperature and body water in a state essential for normal enzymatic activities and cell membrane fluidity. Therefore, 50% of the calories ingested are converted to ATP and the other half is used to pay a form to taxation in order to keep body temperature in the ideal range. In order to convert food to ATP and use ATP as a source of energy, several micronutrients are required: vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. There is a close interaction and synergism between these micronutrients. For example, the B-complex vitamins, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin and pyridoxine cannot function well without being activated by phosphorylation. This phosphorylation is magnesium dependant. Therefore, adequate magnesium is required to optimize the performance of the B-complex vitamins.* The synthesis of ATP by intact respiring mitochondria requires the presence of oxygen, magnesium, ADP, inorganic phosphate, and the substrates from the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.* The generation of these substrates depends on the presence of adequate amount of vitamins, minerals and trace elements.* When all substances are presenting optimal concentrations, the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane and the capacity of the enzymatic system in the respiratory chain become rate limiting.*(1) 

Rationale for the use of ATP Cofactors™
As previously discussed, ATP is the universal currency of energy used in biological systems to maintain an organism in a state that is far from thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment, that is far from death. The active from of ATP is a complex of ATP with mainly magnesium, but also with manganese.* In case of manganese deficiency, magnesium can replace manganese.* The turnover of ATP is extremely high. For example, a human at rest consumes one half of his/her weight of ATP daily. The synthesis of ATP from ADP plus high energy phosphate group is called oxidative phosphorylation and is dependant on the electron flow through the electron transport chain via electron carriers.(2) NADH and FADH2 are the major electron carriers in the synthesis of ATP. The B vitamins, niacin and riboflavin, are the precursors of the Cofactors NADH and FADH2.* These Cofactors play an important role also in the oxidation and organification of iodide by generating hydrogen peroxide via the NADPH oxydase system.*(3,4) In some conditions, the body cannot efficiently synthesized NADH and FADH3 from Niacin and Riboflavin because of defect/damage to the enzymes involved in this conversion.*(5-8) More Riboflavin and Niacin are needed to override the inefficient enzymes in order to obtain adequate levels of cofactors.* There is evidence that a lack of these vitamins can lead to a deficient organification of iodide.*(3) Preliminary results suggest that high dosage of vitamins B-2 and B-3 combined with 100-150 mg of elemental iodine in the form of Lugol tablets can help support overall well being.*(3,4) ATP Cofactors™ should be used as part of a complete nutritional program emphasizing magnesium instead of calcium for best results.*(9-12) We recommend the following multivitamin-mineral combinations: 

For pre-menopausal women: Optivite PMT®*
For post menopausal women: Gynovite Plus®*
For men: Androvite®
Extra magnesium may be ingested using the magnesium supplement Mag 200®

References: 
1. Abraham GE, Flechas JD. Journal of Nutritional Medicine, 3:49-59, 1992
2. Biochemistry, 2nd edition. Stryer and Lubert (ed.) Freeman, New York, 1975; 240-246.
3. Abraham GE, Flechas JD. The Original Internist, 14:77-82, 2007.
4. Figueiredo MD1, Cardoso LC, Ferreira AC, Campos DV, da Cruz Domingos M, Corbo R, Nasciutti LE, Vaisman M, arvalho DP. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Oct;86(10):4843-8. PMID: 11600551
5. Niepomniszcze H, Targovnik HM, Gluzman BE, Curutchet P. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 Aug;65(2):344-8. PMID: 3597712
6. Moreno JC, Bikker H, Kempers MJ, van Trotsenburg AS, Baas F, de Vijlder JJ, Vulsma T, Ris-Stalpers C. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 11;347(2):95-102. PMID: 12110737
7. Kusakabe T. Metabolism. 1975 Oct;24(10):1103-13. PMID: 1165726.
8. Goei GS, Abraham GE. J Reprod Med. 1983 Aug;28(8):527-31. PMID: 6685186.
9. Chakmakjian ZH, Higgins CE, Abraham GE. J Appl Nut. 37:12, 1985.
10. Abraham GE, Rumley RE. J Reprod Med. 1987 Jun;32(6):405-22. PMID: 2956416
11. Abraham GE, Grewal H. J Reprod Med. 1990 May;35(5):503-7. PMID: 2352244
12. Abraham GE. J Nut Med. 2:165-178, 1991

Pantethine is a derivative of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and a key constituent of coenzyme A, which is involved in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.* Contains Pantesin®, a high quality, pharmaceutical grade brand of pantethine.

Also known as vitamin B5, the name pantothenic comes from the Greek word 'panthos' which means everywhere. The body uses pantothenic acid in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, and in the production of adrenal hormones, skin, hair, nerves, and red blood cells.*

Provides both pyridoxine hydrochloride and pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P-5-P), the coenzyme or "activated" form of B6. As P5P, vitamin B6 is involved in the metabolism of amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids.

QuatreActiv® Folate contains Quatrefolic®, the glucosamine salt of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). This new patented form of 5-MTHF has demonstrated greater bioavailability than the 5-MTHF calcium salt form.* It also shows enhanced solubility and stability.*

Super Vitamin B Complex is an advanced and complete B-vitamin supplement. It provides substantial amounts of all eleven B-vitamins, including the co-enzyme forms of vitamins B2 and B6 for enhanced bioavailability, and extra pantothenic acid.* The B vitamins in this formula are synthesized from hydrocarbons, which originate ultimately from living sources, with very low allergy potential.*

Trimethylglycine (TMG) assists homocysteine to be metabolized into methionine, resulting in the production of DMG (dimethylglycine).* The two major functions of TMG in humans are as an osmolyte to protect cells under stress and as a methyl-group donor.*